Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are naturally produced and contain carbon (C). Fertilizers are materials that can be added to soil or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic fertilizers include mineral sources, all animal waste including meat processing, manure, slurry, and guano, plant-based fertilizers, such as compost, and biosolids. There are also other abiotic non-chemical, fertilizer methods that meet the Principles of Organic Agriculture, which determines whether a fertilizer can be used for commercial organic agriculture.
Minerals: Minerals can be mined or fossil products of animal activity, such as greensand (anaerobic marine deposits), some limestone's (fossil shell deposits), and some rock phosphates (fossil guano). Adding limestone or “liming” soil is a way to raise pH. By raising the pH of a soil, microbial growth can be stimulated, which in turn increases biological processes, enabling nutrients to flow more freely through the soil. When nutrients flow freely they are more accessible to plants and therefore can increase plant health and mass. If the soil is already pH balanced, liming the soil, would be ineffective.
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Peat: Peat, or turf, is a plant material that is only partially decomposed. It is a source of organic matter. Soil with higher levels of organic matter is less likely to compact, which improves soil aeration and water drainage, as well as assists in supporting soil microbial health. It is sometimes credited as being the most widely used organic fertilizer and by volume is the top organic amendment.
Animal Sources: Animal sourced materials include both animal manures and residues from the slaughter of animals. Manures are derived from milk-producing dairy animals, egg-producing poultry, and animals raised for meat and hide production, or sport and recreation. Manure is an abundant resource with estimations for cattle manure in the US alone reaching two billion tons annually, and one hen has the potential to produce a cubic foot of manure every six months. By adding manure to crops it adds nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium and calcium. While also increasing soil stability by increasing organic material, increasing water infiltration, it can add bacteria diversity and over time reduce the impacts of soil erosion. However, there is organic manure and non-organic manure. In order for manure to be considered organic, it must come from organic livestock or certified organic growers. If organic manure is not available, they are permitted to use non-organic manure as long as the animals have room to roam, are not kept in the dark, and growers abstain from using genetically modified feeds.
Fresh manure, right from the stall, can cause issues because it can be too high in ammonia, or contain bacteria from the animal’s gut. This can have an adverse effect on plants as the ammonia can burn the roots and microbes from the animal’s gut can harm the microorganisms in the soil, killing them, or contaminate produce, such as E. coli and salmonella. There is also a risk of introducing weeds, as seeds can pass through the gut of an animal relatively unharmed, or there can be seeds in the bedding of the livestock, which is often mixed in with the manure. Therefore, manure is required to be composted which will ideally kill any seeds or pathogens and reduce the ammonia content.
Organic fertilizers are made from mined rock minerals, and natural plant and animal materials. They include ingredients like manure, guano, dried and powdered blood, ground bone, crushed shells, finely pulverized fish, phosphate rock, and wood.